Design And Construction Of The Luis I Bridge Engineering Essay

Opened in October 1886, the Luis I Bridge is a shaped Fe trussed arch span which spans the Douro River between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. Designed by the Belgian applied scientist Th ophile Seyrig, in coaction with L opold Valentin ; it was, at the clip of its building, the longest arch span in the World, at 172m [ 1 ] , and remains the longest spanning Fe arch to this twenty-four hours. It represents the swan vocal of wrought Fe Bridgess as at the start of the twentieth century stronger steel of more consistent quality would about wholly replace the usage of wrought Fe in span building. The new span was commissioned in 1881 to replace an ailing suspension span at the same location ; Seyrig designed a double-deck arch span with one deck at the top of the arch resting on wharfs and the 2nd deck at the degree of the abutments, hanging from sinews ( Fig. 1 ) . The two decks have seen a assortment of lading over their life ; originally both decks were designed to transport route traffic, the lower deck briefly carried trolley coachs but is now a individual carriageway route, the upper deck was converted in 1905 to transport ropewaies and widened in 1931 to add a 2nd path. 2 Aestheticss The aesthetic analysis of a span is mostly subjective, Fritz Leonhardt attempted to rationalize the aesthetic design of Bridgess in 1982 with the publication of his book, Br cken, which sets out ten cardinal points that should be considered during design. 2.1 Fulfilment of Function This relates to how good the span divulges the manner it works ; in the Luis I bridge the arch is the chief structural component through which forces are carried. This is evident from looking at the span as the arch is the most significant member. Truss structures in general are peculiarly indicative about the manner they carry tonss, and the Luis I bridge is no exclusion. The structural honestness of the span is called into inquiry where the arch meets the masonry abutments ; it appears as though the top member of the arch passes directly into the abutments but the abutments are non able to defy the high minute this would bring forth, so the top member of the arch must be lightly stressed at its utmost terminals. On closer review it can be seen that the concluding diagonal members on both sides of the arch are of more significant cross-section ( Fig. 2 ) in order that they are able to transport all of the force in the top rim of the arch down to the pinned connexion at the terminal of the bottom rim. Figure 2: Forces transferred to bottom rim Sometimes, one facet of a span s aesthetics must be sacrificed in favor of another ; in the Luis I bridge the truss which forms the upper deck is of uninterrupted deepness along its length, but the attack spans are notably longer than the subdivisions which make up the chief span. Functionally, the applied scientist could hold designed the attack spans to be deeper than the chief span but this break to the horizontal line of the deck would hold been to the hurt of the aesthetics of the construction as a whole. 2.2 Proportion As discussed above, the upper deck is deeper than it needs to be ; proportionately this contrasts aggressively with the lower deck which is significantly more slight despite crossing an equal distance. This difference is non adequately explained by the grounds already discussed. The upper deck may good hold been designed to get by with a higher burden than the lower deck ; surveies have shown that, prior to the transition of the upper deck to light rail, the upper deck carried about double the traffic of the lower deck [ 2 ] . Furthermore, at the clip that Seyrig was planing the Luis I bridge he had merely finished the building of the Maria Pia Bridge ( 1877 ) , designed in concurrence with Gustave Eiffel, which was to transport a train line over the same river. It is possible that the upper deck of the Luis I bridge was designed to transport develop tonss should it be converted to that intent in the hereafter, as so it was. The structural systems for the upper and lower decks differ greatly which may lend to the disparity in their deepness ; the lower deck is a lattice through truss with traffic running within the truss itself whilst the upper deck is a brown deck truss where the deck is placed on top of the truss girder. The province of emphasis within the two decks besides differs as the bottom deck is used to bind the arch and therefore is capable to a high initial tensile burden ; the advantage of shaped Fe as a building stuff was its affinity for tensile tonss and it may be that this excessively contributes to the reduced deck deepness. The rise to cross ratio of the arch is 1:4 ; this is chiefly dictated by the dimensions of the gorge in which the span sits, but the consequence is an arch of typical masonry proportions [ 3 ] which offers the feeling of stableness. 2.3 Order within the Structure A sense of order is given to the span by the repeat of the truss elements throughout the lift. Although the lower deck uses a somewhat different type of truss, the crossed elements are still present to keep the order within the span. When viewed closer up, the members are seen to be composed themselves of multiple elements, and from oblique angles the criss-crossing of these members can look disordered ( Fig. 3 ) . The wharfs and tenseness roads which support the two decks line up to cut down the figure of perpendicular lines and divide the span into equal parts. They are sufficiently near together so as non to do the arch appear otiose, but no so near as to herd the span with perpendicular lines. 2.4 Polishs of Design Polishs refer to the subtle inside informations within the span which can hold a momentous consequence on the overall entreaty of the construction. In the Luis I bridge the wharfs taper towards the top ( Fig. 4 ) which adds position by doing the towers appear less compact and prevents the optical fast one of the wharfs looking to be wider at the top than they are at the underside. In the attack spans where the perpendicular infinite beneath the upper deck is greatest, the deck spans a greater distance in order to keep the aspect ratio of the infinites under the deck. The aspect ratio of the crossed brace in the arch is besides maintained ; where the divergent parabolic curves, which make up the top and bottom rims of the arch, dispersed apart the distance between verticals is increased to maintain the crosses make fulling a approximately square form. Equally good as being aesthetically delighting, this serves the structural intent of maintaining the members inclined at an angle where they can execute at maximal efficiency. As antecedently mentioned, the single members which make up the trusses are themselves tied box subdivisions ( see Fig. 2 ) , this gives the construction elation, both in footings of its overall weight and besides aesthetically by cut downing the ratio of solid to nothingnesss and doing the members seem more slender. However, this elation comes at the disbursal of order. Figure 3: Disorder Figure 4: Tapering wharfs 2.5 Integration into the Environment Pivotal to the aesthetic success of a span is how good is tantrums into its environment ; the arch signifier used for the Luis I bridge is peculiarly good suited to utilize in the deep gorge, and fills the infinite good. Despite the size of the construction, it looks comfy in its environment. The girder which forms the upper deck has no obvious terminal but alternatively gives the feeling of unifying into the hillside ; this makes the span seem like an built-in portion of the gorge. 2.6 Colour of Components Though originally unpainted ( Fig. 5 ) the span now has as gray-blue coating which allows the span to intermix good into the sky, this has the consequence of doing the muss of the truss less obvious and contributes to the members looking more slender. The broadening of the upper deck in 1931has led to the creative activity of a dark line of shadow which serves to pull the oculus off from the deep truss underneath. Figure 5: Original design without pigment 2.7 Aesthetic Decisions The Luis I bridge is a construction of great beauty and much consideration has obviously been given to aesthetics in its design. Despite this, as no point has structural efficiency been forfeited for strictly aesthetic grounds. The structural public presentation of the span will organize the following subdivision of this paper. 3 Structural Behaviour In 1881 the Lusitanian authorities invited the stamp for a new span over the Douro River ; the chief challenge of the strategy was that there could be no intermediate wharfs placed in the river. This was due to high H2O deepnesss of more than 12m, insecure land conditions and a high tidal scope in the river [ 4 ] which would hold made building exceptionally hard. A figure of strategies were proposed and the winning strategy, designed by Th ophile Seyrig, consisted of a tied parabolic arch of shaped Fe building, 172m in span, back uping two truss girder decks ( Fig. 6 ) . Seyrig was familiar with the usage of wrought Fe holding worked closely with Gustave Eiffel in the design of other shaped Fe Bridgess such as the Maria Pia span ( 1877 ) . In this new venture he sought to bring forth a design which would take full advantage of the mechanical belongingss provided by shaped Fe. Figure 6: Elevation The arch is connected to the upper and lower decks, by wharfs and sinews severally, in merely four topographic points ; as a consequence of this the arch is capable to flexing minutes even when the decks are uniformly loaded. Wrought Fe is a stuff which performs good in tenseness and it is apparent the interior decorator expected the stuff in the lower rim of the arch to be in tenseness at all times. A polish of the Maria Pia design was the usage of the lower deck to bind the arch and so cut down horizontal burden of the hapless quality land at the abutments. A farther going from case in point was the usage of divergent parabolic curves to make an arch more slender at the vertex, where it is 7m in deepness, than at the supports ( 17m ) . The alteration was made because of jobs encountered during the building of the Maria Pia span, which has a semilunar arch ; whilst the first subdivisions of the arch were being built out from the abutments it had proved troublesome to supply equal support for them utilizing overseas telegrams and presenting had had to be employed [ 4 ] . In the Luis I bridge the arch is much deeper at the supports hence leting the first subdivisions to be erected more firmly and at less cost, it was a technique which would be used about 40 old ages subsequently during the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge ( 1923 ) . The long deep gorge through which the Douro flows is characterised by high air currents ; the unfastened truss system used for the Luis I bridge reduces the lading consequence of the air current by restricting the country on which the air current can move. Eiffel frequently used cannular subdivisions where possible in his Bridgess to increase the aerodynamic public presentation of his designs [ 5 ] , but Seyrig chose non to make so in the design of the Luis I bridge, presumptively to do the connexions more straightforward. The connexions are riveted together, in pattern this mean that the articulations have some minute capacity but as the elements will still move preponderantly axially, the connexions in the truss can be modelled as pins without presenting excessively much mistake into the analysis. At the clip of the span s building, there was much argument over the comparative virtues of pinned or riveted connexions in span building [ 6 ] ; whilst the riveted truss was of superior efficiency, pinned trusses could be assembled faster and cheaper utilizing simple tools and techniques. The connexion to the abutments is by manner of a rotational articulation at the utmost terminals of the lower rim of the arch ( Fig. 7 ) . This means that the arch can be considered a two-pin arch and will be analysed consequently. Figure 7: Foundation connexion In 2004 a survey was undertaken to measure the current province of the span [ 1 ] and some samples were removed and tested. It is usual to use measured stuff belongingss, where available, in span appraisal instead than conservative characteristic values ; tensile trials on removed subdivisions of shaped Fe from the span yielded a tensile strength of 397Mpa. Testing to happen compressive strength was non performed so a value of 270MPa will be assumed. 4 Construction Seyrig was a innovator in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess, to the point that he wrote a paper on the topic which was presented at the Institution of Civil Engineers ( ICE ) in 1881 [ 6 ] . In it, Seyrig inside informations his strong belief that the building methods employed in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess has the largest impact on their overall economic system, safety and lastingness. For the Luis I bridge, as with the Maria Pia span, Seyrig chose to use a method of building which least required the usage of immaterial contraptions, viz. hard-on by overhang. In this technique the lasting construction of the span itself is used to back up the building of more distant subdivisions. The paradigm for this method of span building was the Requejo Bridge designed by Jos Ribera ( Fig. 8 ) . Figure 8: Requejo Bridge, Spain In the Luis I bridge the attack spans were foremost constructed on both sides of the river until the upper deck girder protruded about 30m beyond the chief wharfs which mark the start of the arch. The girders were pushed out on a set of four rollers which sat on top of each wharf ( Fig. 9 ) . Figure 9: Peal setup The arch was so built out as a series of premade subdivisions which were tied back with steel-wire ropes to a point on the upper deck girder. The whole arch was constructed utilizing merely two ropes on each side of the arch, so it was necessary to be able to rapidly travel a overseas telegram once it has been superseded by a overseas telegram farther along the arch ; for this intent the overseas telegrams were connected merely to the top rim of the arch utilizing a rounded shoe ( Fig. 10 ) under which the uninterrupted rope was fed. Whilst most of the subdivisions were erected with all of their constituents in topographic point, the last few panels were put up with the top rim and some of the diagonal brace removed in order that they should be every bit light as possible. Once the two halves of the arch had met and the cardinal linking piece inserted, the losing constituents were so added to the lightened subdivisions. Figure 10: Cable to curve connexion The work was performed to such truth that in program the two halves of the arch met precisely, but in lift both sides were about 350mm excessively high. This was done intentionally as it was decided that there was possible for the two halves to be excessively low in which instance it would hold been really hard to raise them. Provision was made for take downing the arches to their right place by the remotion of a certain figure of dramatis personae Fe cuneuss which had been placed beneath the overseas telegram connexions. Once the two halves of the arch had been connected it was of import to slow off the steel overseas telegrams instantly as a bead in temperature could hold caused the overseas telegrams to shorten and bring on emphasiss into the arch. With the arch in topographic point the midget wharfs could so be erected and the upper deck girder placed on top. Precisely the same procedure was used for the building of the Maria Pia span and is shown schematically in Fig. 11. The lower deck would hold been added last, merely by crossing between the wrought Fe sinews, impermanent intermediate overseas telegrams may hold been added to cut down the hogging minutes caused by cantilevering out. Figure 11: Erection by overhanging 5 Loading The Luis I span was built before design standardization had to the full emerged ; accordingly it was likely designed to whatever lading the applied scientist deemed to be sensible. It was besides built at a clip when the Equus caballus drawn passenger car was the prevailing agencies of conveyance ; Karl Benz built the first true car in 1885. For the intents of this study the span will be analysed under its current loading conditions in conformity with BS-5400 [ 7 ] . Partial burden factors, as detailed in Table 1, will be applied to nominal tonss so combined to give the worst possible burden conditions. Table 1: Partial burden factors [ 8 ] Load Type Partial Load Factor ( ? Florida ) Stressing Relieving Dead 1.05 1.0 Super-imposed Dead 1.75 0 Live Traffic 1.5 0 Wind 1.1 0 5.1 Dead Tonss The structural elements of the span are of shaped Fe building with a denseness of? = 7700kg/m2. The entire weight of the span is equal to 29841kN [ 9 ] which is about distributed as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Unfactored dead tonss Arch 76kN/m Upper Deck 31kN/m Lower Deck 23kN/m 5.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads ( SID ) Super-imposed dead tonss are the non-structural inactive tonss on the span such as route coatings, illuming and street furniture. They have a high burden factor ( 1.75 ) to reflect the strong likeliness of them altering over the life-time of the span ; they may besides be removed wholly should the span be capable to major plants, though were this the instance, traffic tonss would about surely be reduced. Suggested tonss given in Table 3 correspond to a 200mm bed of asphalt route surface. Table 3: Unfactored SID Upper Deck 38kN/m Lower Deck 28kN/m The values are different because the two decks are of different breadth ; the upper deck is 8m broad and the lower deck is 6m. 5.3 Live Traffic Loads The lower deck carries route traffic ; at 6m broad it can be considered to hold two fanciful lanes. Eq. ( 1 ) gives the unrecorded traffic lading per metre per lane ( HA ) : w=151 ( 1/L ) ^0.475 ( 1 ) L is the laden length which in this instance is 172m so the end point unfactored burden over two lanes is 26.2kN/m. A knife border burden ( KEL ) of 120kN should besides be added, placed to bring forth maximal extra emphasis. In this case HB burden has non been considered as the entree routes to the lower deck would be unpassable by really big vehicles and the newer, high-ranking span near by, which is crossed by a double carriageway, would be the more suited path. The upper deck carries light rail traffic, each train has an unfactored weight of 2000kN [ 2 ] and a length of 70m. The trains move really easy on the span such that dynamic effects can be discounted. 5.6 Worst Case Loads For the arch, worst instance flexing minutes occur when the arch is non-uniformly loaded ; this corresponds to to the full factored dead, SID, and unrecorded tonss on one half and unfactored dead loads merely on the other side ( Fig. 12 ) . For the upper deck, two trains go throughing at one-fourth span have been considered. Worst instance shear tonss would be caused by to the full factored dead, SID and unrecorded tonss at all points on the span. Figure 12: Worst instance lading agreement 6 Analysis In this subdivision, the worst instance burdens calculated antecedently will be applied to the construction to determine whether the end point emphasiss are within the tolerances of the stuffs. 6.1 Arch The chief structural constituent of the span is the tied arch. For the intents of this study it will be modelled as a two pin arch, with the lading agreement in Fig. 12 simplified to four point tonss ( Fig. 13 ) . Figure 13: Simplified arch tonss By taking minutes about the point A, the perpendicular reactions are found to be: VA = 21691.2kN and VB = 14644.8kN. 6.1.1 Flexibility Analysis To happen the horizontal push produced by the arch a flexibleness analysis was performed by let go ofing the horizontal reaction at B and using the unit burden method to happen the attendant supplanting at B ( ? B, H ) and the flexibleness coefficient ( a11 ) . Eq. ( 2 ) can so be used to happen the value of horizontal push: _ ( B, H ) +a_11 H=0 ( 2 ) B, H and a11 are found by incorporating the minute in the arch with regard to the discharge length which is rather complex, but the job can be simplified by presuming that the I value of the arch changes around its profile such that I = I0sec ( ? ) , where I0 is the 2nd minute of country at the vertex of the arch [ 10 ] . Ultimately it can be shown that the value of horizontal push is given by Eq. ( 3 ) , where a is the horizontal distance from A to the point at which the force is moving, H is the tallness of the arch, L is the span and W is the magnitude of the force. Multiple forces can be superposed together to acquire a concluding value of push of 21946.9kN. H_1= ( 5W_1 a ) / ( 8hL^3 ) ( L^3+a^3-2La^2 ) ( 3 ) 6.1.2 Line of Thrust The deliberate information for tonss and reactions were used to plot a thrust line for the arch under worst instance lading conditions ( Fig. 14 ) . Figure 14: Thrust line From this secret plan, the minute at any point in the arch can be calculated as the eccentricity of the thrust line multiplied by the horizontal force. The minutes in the arch are shown in Fig. 16 ; maximal drooping minute is 148.8MNm and occurs at 36m from A, maximal hogging minute is 125.9MNm and occurs at 131m from A. For the intents of this study, it will be assumed that flexing forces in the arch are resisted by the top and bottom rims, whilst the diagonal brace resists shear forces ; any axial forces are shared amongst all the members. The force in the rim required to defy the maximal minute detailed in Fig. 15 is equal to the minute divided by the deepness of the truss which yields a force of 14.2MN. Figure 15: Moment in arch This burden consequences in emphasiss of 133.2Mpa in each of the four arch girders ; tenseness in the lower girders and compaction in the upper girders, which is good under the stuff capacity. Axial compaction due to the arch form must besides be considered ; by declaration of the reactant forces in the supports, it can be shown that an axial compaction of 30MN is carried in the arch. Split amongst the entire country of wrought Fe available in the subdivision, this consequences in an extra compressive emphasis of 74.7Mpa. In the tenseness rim this acts as a relieving emphasis which reduces the overall emphasis to 58.5Mpa ( tenseness ) . In the compaction flange the emphasiss sum up to give a entire emphasis of 207.9Mpa, which is nearing but still below the stuff compressive strength of 270Mpa. Metallic members are frequently susceptible to clasping under high compressive tonss. Eq. ( 4 ) was used to happen the burden required for the arch members to clasp. F_e= ( p^2 EI ) / ? L_eff? ^2 ( 4 ) The effectual length was taken to be the span between diagonal brace elements as it was assumed that the cross brace would supply sufficient parturiency to forestall buckling over a longer length. The burden at which clasping would happen was found to be 136MN which corresponds to a emphasis good above the compressive strength of the stuff, so failure would ne'er happen through buckling. f3 values were non considered in the burden computations for the arch as the analysis methods used will ensue in rather high mistake, the excess capacity within the stuff, as shown above, histories for the deficiency of truth in the analysis techniques. 6.1.3 Shear in Arch Equally good as flexing minutes, the tonss on the arch besides induce shear forces which are carried in the diagonal brace members. Worst instance shear theoretically occurs under maximal burden possible which would be 13488kN applied at the four point burden locations on the arch. Moments under this burden scenario were calculated utilizing the thrust line method and so shear forces were found by distinction of the minutes. The consequence, shown in Fig. 16, predicts a maximal shear force of 7242.8kN located at 35m from point A. The shear force is resisted by the diagonal brace elements which act together, one in tenseness and one in compaction. The force in each brace member must be 5121.4kN which corresponds to tensile or compressive emphasiss of 194.7MPa. Figure 16: Maximal shear in arch 6.2 Temperature Effectss Particularly in excess constructions like two pin arches, little strains caused by temperature alterations can bring on important emphasiss into the construction as the constructions tend to be less flexible. As the Luis I bridge is a tied construction there should non be a high temperature difference between its elements, but overall temperature alterations should be considered. In the arch, a rise in temperature would ensue in the arch seeking to spread out ; confined by the wharfs, this would do minute in the arch which would be carried as tenseness in the top rim and compaction in the bottom rim. This would move as a alleviating action from the dead and unrecorded burden so should non do a job. A bead in temperature, on the other manus, would ensue in extra compressive emphasiss in the top rim which is already extremely compressed. The upper deck is exposed to the most direct sunshine, and the solid route surface puts the underside into shadiness so there may be a high temperature gradient which would ensue in emphasiss. The fluctuation in temperature throughout the subdivision in the forenoon period is shown in Fig. 17 where 0 C corresponds to ambient temperature. Figure 17: Temperature difference in upper deck The thermic enlargement coefficient ( a ) for wrought Fe is 12 strain/ C, utilizing e=a? T the strain due to the temperature gradient is shown in Fig. 18. Generation of these values by the Young s modulus of 185GPa gives the emphasiss besides detailed in Fig. 19. Figure 18: Strains ( left ) and emphasiss ( right ) The rollers on top of the chief wharfs, as discussed in subdivision 4, now act as roller bearings which allow the deck girder to lengthen and so relive some of these emphasiss. The emphasiss cut down by the mean emphasis value which in this instance is 6.6MPa ; this now produces the emphasis profile shown in Fig. 19. Figure 19: Extra temperature emphasiss The emphasiss in Fig. 19 correspond to a changeless minute over the length of the upper deck. As the deck is uninterrupted over the wharfs there is no demand to see an extra minute to guarantee the minute at the supports remains equal to zero. 6.3 Wind Effectss Porto lies on the Atlantic seashore of Portugal and so it can be assumed that it is capable to rather high air currents, the span itself besides sits in a gorge which will hold a funnelling consequence on the air current. The arch itself is trussed so as to catch small air current, but the decks, when high sided vehicles base on balls over them, will hold a big jutting country and so may be capable to high air current burden. This is peculiarly true of the lower deck because it is a through truss so the unfastened construction offers no advantage. Suspended as it is by tenseness rods, the lower deck may be extremely susceptible to weave induced effects. Assuming a average hourly air current velocity of 34m/s, akin to the velocities found on the Atlantic seashore of the UK, the maximal air current blast ( vC ) on the span can be found from Eq. ( 5 ) to be 52m/s, where K1 and S2 are factors harmonizing to BS-5400 and S1 is a funnelling factor taken to be 1.1. v_C=vK_1 S_1 S_2 ( 5 ) Horizontal air current burden can now be found utilizing Eq. ( 6 ) , A1 is taken as the jutting country presuming high-sided trucks are traversing the span. When the deck is to the full loaded the truss is obscured so the retarding force coefficient can merely be calculated utilizing the b/d ratio. The consequence is a sidelong force of 1.6MN which must be resisted by the deck. P_t=0.613? v_C? ^2 A_1 C_D ( 6 ) Without cognizing the under-structure of the lower deck it is hard to measure how this burden is carried, but it is assumed that a cross braced truss tallies underneath the deck and prevents the deck from flexing laterally. The air current can besides ensue in dynamic effects such as galloping and waver ; these effects tend to most affect suspension Bridgess because of their built-in flexibleness. The lower deck of the Luis I bridge, which is suspended by sinews, would be the most likely to endure from these effects but some facets of its design provide stiffness against them. The sinews are able to transport compaction every bit good as tenseness, and are cross braced to supply torsional stiffness ; coupled with the truss moving longitudinally this gives the span stiffness in all of the planes in which the effects of aerodynamic instability might move. There are besides huge sums of riveted connexions within the span to supply muffling against quivers. 7 Fatigue The Luis I bridge is over 100 old ages old and has hence been capable to a high sum of lading rhythms, it seems prudent hence to give some consideration to its fatigue public presentation. The span is located near to the sea and so is considered to be in a marine environment ; wrought Fe is regarded as holding a lower opposition to corrosion than other common building stuffs of the clip like dramatis personae Fe [ 11 ] , corrosion is worst around possible wet traps like connexions where hapless care can take to interfacial corrosion ( Fig. 20 ) . The riveted connexions are besides prone to tire failure because clefts can organize during fiction and the pluging action can ensue in local work indurating around the studs. Figure 20: Interfacial corrosion In a survey performed by Fernandes et Al, samples of stuff, including a riveted connexion, were removed from the span and analysed to happen their mechanical belongingss [ 2 ] , besides performed were ace growing surveies, notch stamina proving and an analysis of metallurgical content. This information was used to happen the figure of lading rhythms the assorted constituents of the span would be able to defy. By presuming that merely trucks cause fatigue burden and that one truck represents one rhythm of lading it was calculated that the span had exhausted merely 10 % of its fatigue life and that staying fatigue life was greater than 100 old ages. The survey besides considered the usage of the upper deck for light rail and concluded that one train was the equivalent of four burden rhythms and that residuary life was less than 10 old ages. Consequently the span was retrofitted and reinforced before the new tube line was allowed to go through over it.

Life Imitates Art, Movies Imitate Life Essay

Imagine a world where clothes were non-existent, and it did not matter if your outfit was the current flair, or if your shoes were the latest style. Our culture would halfway cease to exist. The western culture puts so much emphasis on fashion, our lives begin to move and mold themselves around it. Fashion is like art on the body, and making a masterpiece out of what you wear. â€Å"From the materials employed in clothing manufacture to the process by which our garments are made to the social values that dictate what we â€Å"should† look like, fashion has surrounded us and consumed us for generations. (Shmoop Editorial Team 2008) A perfect example of popular culture can be revealed in American Fashion. This is impeccably displayed in the motion picture, based on the novel written by Lauren Weisberger, produced by Wendy Finerman, The Devil Wears Prada. The basic plot of the movie and novel is about a plain jane, just out of college, smart, not fashion savvy, woman (Andrea Sachs) who applies for a job as junior assistant to the editor-in-chief (Miranda Priestly), at a fashion icon magazine â€Å"Runway†, in New York and gets it. She is told repeatedly â€Å"a million girls would die for [her] job† (Finerman, 2006) and if she lasts a year, she will be able to get a job at any magazine. Andrea, in her own way is a counterculture of the people at Runway magazine in the movie. She deviates from the norm of the fashion and mainstream subculture. She tolerates their demanding ways, and demeaning comments of her diet and style, until she breaks and gives in and asks for help. She is given a makeover, by the art director, Nigel, and her new style and job begin to strain her relationship with her boyfriend and her friends. The few scenes that depict her break down and her makeover, is when people begin to notice her, and treat her better once she is wearing the latest fashion. Her hair was cut and styled, she started to watch what she ate, and shaped herself into a fashionista. She began to adapt to their standards, and dressing. She sticks with the job and increasingly spends more time working, whilst climbing the career ladder. This is set perfectly with our commercial culture and the ideology of humans and how our world works. Andrea was a non-conformist in the beginning and frowned upon because she did not wear the latest fall fashion. Once she started to wear the clothes, and shoes, she became well liked. She ultimately conformed to the fashion world. While at a benefit, Andrea ends up being Miranda’s saving grace and is offered to take the other assistants (Emily) spot to Paris. Andrea refused at first, in fear of hurting Emily’s feelings, and is forced to give in because if she does not go, Miranda will terminate her. Before leaving for Paris she takes a break from the relationship with her boyfriend. During her trip to Paris, she has relations with another writer she had met through her work and finds out about a plot to ruin her editor-in-chief. She tries to warn her and ends up finding out Miranda knew the whole time. Miranda ends up fixing her situation by double-crossing her art director, Nigel, and giving a job promised to him to someone else to save her job. Andrea is floored and cannot believe Miranda would do that to her friend. Miranda points out to Andrea that she already did, she did it to Emily. Right there Andrea quits, and leaves it all behind. Once Andrea returned to New York, she reunites with her boyfriend. In the conclusion, she is at a job interview when she is told her previous employer stated â€Å"she was by far her biggest disappointment, but that he would be an idiot not to hire her. † (Finerman, 2006) Throughout the entire movie Andrea is immersed in the fashion world. In the beginning of the movie there is a scene where the art director, Nigel, gives Andrea a pair of black, sling back stilettos. She at first refuses and says â€Å"I don’t think I need these. Miranda hired me, she knows what I look like. He responds â€Å"Do you? † (Finerman, 2006) This one scene indicates a perfect example of ideology. Nigel is setting the social order, because it is the norm of which the people in their occupation wear. I believe it is best stated by Shmoop University, â€Å"From our underwear to our Levi’s to our sneakers, what we wear has, for centuries, spoken volumes about who we are, what we do, and what we want. Whether Americans have dressed to make a political statement, to assert their class status, or simply to be irreverent, every style has carried a certain social meaning. (Shmoop Editorial Team 2008) The entire movie is immersed in popular culture and culturalism. In every scene there is examples of mass culture, commercial culture. It can even be said that ethical egoism is also expressed in the film. Ethical egoism, in short, is the view that perhaps not all persons seek their own self-interest but all should do so (Lee Archie and John G Archie, 2003). This is best represented when Miranda betrays Nigel in the end, in order to retain her job. She may not have had ill intentions and most likely did not want to make that decision, but in the end for her own self-interest, she made someone else sacrifice for her. The film reflects attitudes of our American Society. It depicts how simple a dress can make and transform a woman. Another movie and television series that is popular and uses fashion to influence, is â€Å"Sex in the City. † The show would emphasize certain brands, names, and styles and it caused a massive explosion of commercial paraphernalia. It clearly articulates how fashion matters in our day to day lives. Some people would like to disagree, but we even base our terms and language on fashion. â€Å"Terms like â€Å"white collar† and â€Å"blue collar† connote not just a line of work but a person’s class status, and remind us that we tend to make assumptions about a person’s income, line of work, and social position based on the way he or she dresses. † (Shmoop Editorial Team 2008) Regardless of your gender, sexuality, race, religion, pop culture exists in your life more than you know.

Compare and Contrant The French and American Revoulutions Essay

Compare and Contrant The French and American Revoulutions - Essay Example Considering the seniority of the American Revolution characteristics that were unique to this historical even would first be discussed. The American Revolution was the first democratic revolution of human history. America was a British colony and like other colonies of the British Empire was highly oppressed. The British formed many disgracing laws and wanted to use the American land as a supplier of resources and fund that can be used against the French. The main cause of the American Revolution was â€Å"No taxation without representation† (Danver, 145). The Boston Tea Party acted as a catalyst to this great historical event and eminent American leaders like Washington, Jefferson, Madison and many others led from the front with their determination. Abolition of British colonial rule was the sole objective of the revolution and regarding that this revolution unlike French Revolution was directed against a foreign ruler. The American Revolution led to the establishment of the first true democratic government and a single constitution that has remained an icon to the rest of the world even today. In contrast the French has a history of eight constitutions. Again feudal challenge has never been faced by America in order to build a new country and this is exactly opposite for France. The regime that followed the French Revolution can not be considered as modern democracy; especially the reign of Napoleon, it was a type of dictatorship never been heard of in America. Freedom, equality and economic growth have followed the American Revolution at a pace that was never heard of before and might well never be. The French Revolution also has its share of uniqueness. Before the revolution the French government was financing the American Revolution with a hope that it might weaken their arch rival the British. Again there was fascinating stories of royal spending and both of these led to almost bankruptcy of the French government. To restore the situation the commo n French people who were mainly peasants were taxed at a higher rate. The king was bereft of any authority that he could tax the wealthy aristocrats. Beside there was growing unhappiness among the common people regarding the French queen of that time Marie Antoinette. The queen was of foreign origin and was infamous for her royal spending habits that was consider as the route of all financial anarchy of that time. At that time a protest from the commons that led to the fall of Bastille (14th July, 1789) acted as a catalyst to a far bigger uprising that led to French Revolution. Unlike the American Revolution this was hugely supported by the common French people. Ironically many leading revolutionaries who once initiated the revolution fell pray after the denouncement of the monarchy and lost their lives during the â€Å"reign of terror† (Farmer, 1). Though a reformatory process started immediately after the revolution, yet it could not be sustained. At the end unlike the Amer ican Revolution the French Revolution was unsuccessful considering the fact that it had failed to deliver political stability and peace. The main goal to end the oppression of the monarchy along with feudalism remained a distant reverie even after much bloodshed. At most monarchy was replaced by the dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte. Though the above two paragraphs have revealed that both these revolutions have their own uniqueness and contrasts with each other, however they have many things in

Euthyphro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Euthyphro - Essay Example Because their opinions about holiness are at odds, Socrates who is portrayed by Plato as a person who is eager to engage in discourse with the people on Athens asks Euthyphro what his concept of holiness is so he might learn from how Euthyphro defines it. Says Socrates, â€Å"Tell me then, what is the pious, and what the impious, do you say?† (5e) Initially, this is how the concept of holiness emerges in the dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro and it soon takes a prominent position in the dialogue as it becomes the main topic of their conversation as they wait to be shown into court for their respective cases. In response to Socrates’ question, Euthyphro provides him with three basic definitions by which he thinks holiness is defined. Every time Euthyphro gives Socrates a definition for the concept of holiness, Socrates gives him an argument to refute it and thus Euthyphro is forced to provide another definition. Finally, when Euthyphro gives the third definition an d Socrates refutes it, Euthyphro storms off annoyed with Socrates for disagreeing with all his attempts to define what is holy. First, he says â€Å"I say that the pious is to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer, be it about murder or temple robbery or anything else, whether the wrongdoer is your father or your mother or anyone else; not to prosecute is impious.† (5e) Thus holiness is defined by prosecuting those people who are blasphemous and go against religion. Second, he says â€Å"Well then, what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious† (7) Thus, holiness is defined by what the gods like and mutually consent. Lastly, Euthyphro tells Socrates that â€Å"I would certainly say that the pious is what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hate, is the impious.† (9e). Therefore, piety is what lies within the bounds of actions the god’s love and those that the god’s hate, become automatically unholy. Socra tes refutes Euthyphro’s definitions at each stage by providing elaborate counter arguments of his own. To Euthyphro’s first definition that holiness is punishing people who go against religion, Socrates says that this is a definition that excludes a variety of holy things that have nothing to do with persecuting blasphemous people and thus an incomplete definition that doesn’t hold on various counts. To Euthyphro’s second definition that holy things are those that are approved by the gods, Socrates says that this definition is also flawed because the gods are often fighting and there is seldom a time they all agree on one thing, thus no deed is holy according to this definition. He says â€Å"Then according to your argument, my good Euthyphro, different gods consider different things to be just, beautiful, ugly, good, and bad† (7e) and that â€Å"The same things then are loved by the gods and hated by the gods, and would be both god-loved and god- hated†¦ And the same things would be both pious and impious, accord ­ing to this argument?† (8) Euthyphro is disgruntled but has no choice but to agree with Socrates. Lastly, Socrates refutes Euthyphro’s statement by asking him to consider an important statement â€Å"Consider this: Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?† (10) and he asks Euthyphro to run a parallel comparison between the preceding statement and the fact that â€Å"that which is being carried is being carried because someone

Capitalism is a Force of Progress for Business and Society Essay

Capitalism is a Force of Progress for Business and Society - Essay Example This essay declares that the societies are made up of a few filthy rich people and a majority poor. In relation to business organizations, critics of capitalism associate it with the establishment of powerful and monopolistic organizations which are said to oppress the majority less powerful organizations. Other vices that have been associated to capitalism include imperialism, materialism, unemployment as well as exploitation. This discussion explores that capitalism is defined as a system of economics whereby industries, corporations and means of production are owned and controlled by private entrepreneurs. The main objective of these owners is to make as much profits as they can. Therefore, they invest any available capital and re-invest profits. Goods and services are produced with the major objective of selling them for profits. In addition, the production is based on market economy whereby the forces of demand and supply are the once that dictate the prices of goods and services. Under capitalism, the economy is made up of competitive markets. Capital accumulation is a common feature as well as wage labour. A capitalist society is founded on the principle of individual rights. The economic freedom leads to what is referred to as the free market. No regulation or barriers to activities in the market. Capitalism allows for a competitive market. Industries can freely compete for each other. In a politica l system, capitalism is a system whereby the laissez- faire kind of leadership is exercised. Everyone is at liberty to make their own decision and achieve their own goals in their own way. In a legal system, capitalism refers to a system that is guided by objective laws. It advocates for rule of law rather than the rule of man. Capitalism as a force of progress for business and society At the end of feudal economies, capitalism found its way up the ranks and has since become a dominant phrase in the developed countries as well as some of the developing countries. Though it is may not be easily justifiable whether capitalism has been the force that single handed contributed to the success of the developed countries and business organization, it can be reliably proved that capitalism has had a significant influence to their development. For instance, capitalism allows for free markets where competition is a common feature. Competition gives a motivation for managers of business organi zations to work hard in order to win the battle over their rivals (Fulcher, 2004). The organizations will therefore strive to improve their goods and services so as to satisfy their customers and gain the competitive edge. In the process the business improvement as well as the society development will be realised. Further the free market facilitates economic growth. The prices for good and services are not controlled by any organization or any individual. The forces of demand and supply are responsible for the changes that occur in the products in the market. Suppliers and producers

Jesus Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jesus Film - Essay Example After His baptism and temptation, Jesus returns to his hometown of Nazareth and reads from the book of Isaiah. Several other times, references are made to other books of the Bible, especially as prophecy that Jesus fulfilled. Jesus: Fact or Fiction? is based on the Gospel of Luke. What is the significance of the Bible for understanding who Jesus is? Referring Jesus to the other books of the bible, more so the Old Testament seeks to reveal his divine nature, and purpose of restoring man’s relationship with God. It also helps in demystifying who he was to the Jews who expected a â€Å"liberator† of an earthly nature. The most-significant parable of Jesus is that of the Prodigal son. This parable refers to the relationship between man and God. From the parable, God can forgive and restore once man realizes his faults, confesses his sins and seeks God again. Jesus death in the film signifies the consequences of sin as death. He sacrifices himself, dying on behalf of man, and so the price has been paid, and man has been made free. Jesus resurrection reveals his godly nature. He is no longer human as only God has the power over death. In comparing the film to the Gospel of Luke, it is surprising that the film has revised, expanded, altered, and fictionalized, in some instances the Gospel of Luke. Even with these modifications, the message about Jesus according to the Gospel of Luke is delivered home. Jesus’ person and deeds are important to a Christian worldview in the sense that he bridges man and God. It is through Him that a man shall see God. Jesus is portrayed as the â€Å"friend of man† even in man’s sinful state. He is man’s vindicator before God. Jesus person is simple and likable by the pure, destitute and hopeless in the societies who often are discriminated against. Jesus is the second member of the Holy Trinity, and therefore God the son

Soldiers with Large Weapons in Predator-Abundant Midsummer Research Paper

Soldiers with Large Weapons in Predator-Abundant Midsummer - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that being in a position to comprehend the causal mechanisms and outcomes of trait variation can present imperative insights of how organismal phenotypes are manipulated in the process of evolution and how they influence communal dynamics and the population. Different approaches are used to determine the variation in the trait. One notable approach involves measuring the number of aphids in colonies that belong to each of the three wild populations, and the number of predators of each colony. Three separate colonies, all in Japan were used in the study. One aspect to the colonies that was mutual was that they were all situated at the periphery of deciduous forests, where the S. senanensis host plant was found in abundance. Each colony was surveyed one to three times each month. The survey was conducted in August 2006. In each survey, S. senanensis leaves were picked up, each must have had a colony of aphid so as to collec t both the aphid and the predator. All aphids and predators collected were placed in ethanol and then preserved in plastic bags. Aphid mothers seemingly produce sturdy soldiers as a sole reaction to environmental temperature. This is done just before the coming of the â€Å"dangerous time† as a move that can expound on the mechanism of the spatiotemporal variation in natural populations. These results may actually be the initial indication of the evidence of the actuality of an adaptive strategy in relation to the morphological characteristics of soldiers in aphids. The results do not reveal much about the defensive strategy of the aphids, in particular, the factors influencing the production of soldiers in C. japonica. The correlation between production of soldiers and soldier armature can be approximated by measuring up the number and armature of soldier produced by the aphids that have been nurtured at different environmental temperature.

European Union Court of Justice and the National Courts Essay

European Union Court of Justice and the National Courts - Essay Example The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) aims to equally implementation the EU law in all the countries which come under the European Union. Additionally, it is responsible to resolve the legal disagreements primarily between the EU institutions and the government. Organizations operating in the EU region along with the individuals can also make an appeal to the CJEU if they find that their rights are violated by the legal institutions. In order to comprehend the critical nature of hierarchical relationship between CJEU and the national courts of the member states it is important to first analyze the functionality of European Union Court of Justice . CJEU appoints one judge in every EU country who is assisted by different advocate-generals. These advocates are responsible to give their opinions and remarks on the cases and appeals which are made to the court. However, all their activities must be presented in public without any biasness. The group of judge and advocate-gener als is selected for a period of six years . This time period can be extended as per the legal and political circumstances. The selections are usually made by the ruling governments in the EU countries. In order to smooth the activities of the court and to easily resolve huge number of cases, a General Court is made to deal with all the cases of European citizens and organizations. These cases are typically related to the competition law. The dispute between the European Union and its personnel is resolved by the EU Civil Service Tribunal . 3. In broader terms, the CJEU is responsible to deal with the following types of cases4: Appeals related to Preliminary Ruling In this case the national courts requests the European Union Court of Justice to interpret and illustrate an article or any other point related to the EU law. European Union has established national courts in EU countries which are fundamentally in charge of ensuring that the EU Law is implemented in all states. However, a risk of misinterpretation always remains there in such cases. For instance, there are significant chances that the national courts might interpret the EU law in an entirely different way. In order to avoid such situations the EU Law has introduced a preliminary ruling procedure. According to this procedure, the representatives of the national court are now required to ask for the advice of CJEU if in case they are doubtful about certain EU laws and their implementations. The requirement of asking for advice which is also known as ‘pre liminary ruling’ is sometimes mandatory to validate the actions. Deed or failure to accomplish an obligation

Iron deficiency Essay Example for Free

Iron deficiency Essay Iron deficiency is a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood due to a lack of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia in children. You get iron through certain foods, and your body reuses iron from old red blood cells. Iron deficiency (too little iron) may be caused by; an iron poor diet (this is the most common cause) the body not being able to absorb iron very well. Lilly is a 4-year old Caucasian female she suffers from a disorder called Iron Deficiency anemia disorder. This occurs when there is not enough iron in the body. The reason Lily has Iron Deficiency disorder is because of her diet. Iron is the major component of hemoglobin and is essential for its proper function. Hemoglobin is a part of the red blood cells; it carries oxygen throughout the body without enough iron the body produces less and not as many red blood cells form. Lily is a picky eater and only drinking fruit punch and eating starchy foods is a contributing factor to her condition. Some of the symptoms to Iron Deficiency Anemia are blue-tinged or very pale whites of the eyes, blood in stool, pale skin color, and weakness. Lily shows signs of some of these. Even though Lily’s mother is single and on a low budget, there are things, she can do to prevent this. There are iron supplements that can be taken by mouth or given by injection into a muscle or vein. The most important thing in preventing this disorder or or correcting it is to eat iron rich foods such as raisins, meats, (especially liver), fish, poultry, eggs, soup beans, and whole grain bread. Prognosis with change in supplements or iron rich diet most cases the blood counts will return to normal within a couple of months. Davon is a 5-year-old African American whose mother carries the sickle cell trait. Sickle Cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. The sickle cell gene causes the body to produce abnormal hemoglobin. In sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin clumps together, causing red blood cells to become stiff and develop C-shaped (sickle) form. These sickled red blood cells can block blood vessels, reducing blood flow to many parts of the body. This process can result in tissue and organ damage.. Hemoglobin and Iron; each red blood cell contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin is the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of protein (globulin) and a molecule (heme) which binds to iron. You can understand Darvon’s mothers concern since about 70,000-100,000 Americans- mostly African Americans have Sickle cell disease. About 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait. Sickle cell is inherited and people at risk for inheriting the gene for sickle cell descend from people who are or were originally from Africa or parts of India and the Mediterranean. Blood test can determine whether an individual has sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease. Prevention and lifestyle changes general precautions to prevent and reduce the severity of long-term complications of sickle cell disease, several precautions may be helpful. Have regular physical examinations every 3-6 months. Have periotic and careful eye examinations. Have sufficient rest, warmth, and increase fluid intake. These are critical precautions for reducing oxygen loss and the risk of dehydration. Avoid crowds that increase the risk for infection. Spencer suffers from a condition called Thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which there is a deficient number of circulating platelets. Platelets are parts of the blood that help blood to clot. Thrombocytopenia often divided into three major causes of low platelets: Low production of platelets in the marrow increased breakdown of platelets in the bloodstream and an increased breakdown of platelets in the spleen or liver. Spencer has noticed over the last several weeks an increase in ecchymosis, which is the passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue marked by a purple discoloration of the skin or bruising. Some of the causes of Thrombocytopenia are accidental eye injury, anorexia nervosa, cirrhosis and liver disease. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition. In some cases, a transfusion of platelets may be required to stop or prevent bleeding Prevention would depend on the specific cause.

Interaction with teacher Essay Example for Free

Interaction with teacher Essay It was all what I wanted. It was what I dreamt of long before. But it was all taken for granted by the people around me. I was always the top student among all the six graders in our school, and due to that I am one of those whom they regards as their priceless gem because I always come up with something, like a new idea about a certain issue. I have been one of those sent for if there are contests. They say I act and think like an adult already. Not like any other regular students, I also happen to excel in sports and other curricular activities. I am also a runner. I have always been running on track since I was in grade three. I exerted much effort in it because it is my passion. Day after day I spend time in training and being exposed to tracks to win in future races but i never forget to maintain my good grades in my academics. In class, I have this very close teacher in Math. I also love Math at that time that is why I also like my teacher. It so happened that my Math teacher also happens to be our classroom adviser. Sometimes, after classes and I do not have any practice in the track, we always have chitchats and she would always advise me to pursue whatever dreams I have in mind and never to forget to remember the people around me that had help me in achieving things in life. She also told me not to be sidetracked and still give importance with my studies because that is the most important achievement in life. There were difficult times during my training but I still managed to persevere because I have a goal and that is to win. I never thought of quitting the training even how tired it gets. I continued to pursue my dreams and visions that one day I will reap my reward in due time if I will not fail and go frail. I can say that I am very determine and aggressive to reach my dreams that time. I think I just deserve every victory I get as i go along with my chosen path because of the diligence that I have manifested. Time came when I joined a race. Every people would know me would say that I have great chances of winning the first place because of my hard trainings and my trained skills. The event came and I was all set out to win the race but to my surprise, my coach talked to me in private and asked me not to win the first prize. I can be in second place or third place as long as I won’t be the champion. I was so devastated upon hearing this coming from my coach, my mentor, the one who served as my model. I wouldn’t know what to do. I was so troubled and kept thinking whether to agree and follow my coach or to go on the different way and achieve my dreams. It was the most difficult part of my life, to choose something that no one would be hurt. My conscience, my will to win and my loyalty to my coach we’re all fighting. What would I choose then? The event proper came, and the race started. I was on track and was leading. Many of my friends and families were all cheering for me. This made me more determined to go on faster and faster. The finish line is almost near when I remembered what my coach told me. My heart was beating as I saw the finish line. For the finish line would mean victory and success but for now, it meant devastation and tragedy for me. A few seconds before I reached the finish line I slowed down, giving the others opportunity to win. When I slowed down I noticed one girl who was always at my back during the track was now leading the race. Finally, the girl made it to the first place while I was the second placer. All my friends, families and relatives were all dismayed by what happened. They all expected that I would win the race. I was down and weary, to the point that it already affected my performance in school. I felt so ashamed and so coward for not fighting what is right. I have low self- esteem for quite some time and my grades got lower and lower. Then one Thursday afternoon, my Math teacher and classroom adviser called my attention. She and I talked in her office. I knew she was going to reprimand me for my poor performances at school. Well, at the back of my mind that time it was alright if she will reprimand me because I just deserve it. But to my surprise I was wrong, totally wrong. The moment I entered the room she smiled at me. Smile? Why would she smile to someone who is a loser? Then she offered me a seat. During those moments I am still very clueless on what would happen as we talk. Then she asked me if I am alright, so I said yes but I said it tears just fell on my eyes. She told me to be true to myself and whatever I feel I should share and let it out. So, I expressed my frustrations and everything that happened in the race. She told me that she understand why I was having low performances at school the past few weeks. But my life should not stop there. She told me that I am still very young and that many opportunities would still knock on my door and if that happens I should grab it immediately. She told me that everything happens for a reason and for a purpose that is to shape and mould us to become a much better person than what we are. She told me that my life should not end there because there is still so much in store for me in the future. Stubborn as I am, I told her that I do not want the future, what I want is now. She then answered me that I should live one day at a time and take one step at a time. With her words of wisdom, I was cheered. It really matters if you talk with someone who has a lot to say about life, like my teacher. I could not imagine that she would help me out because all along, I thought she was just a Math teacher, nothing more, but it was proven wrong. My teacher really touched my heart and transformed my life. After that talk, I started again and now with a positive outlook in life that no matter how I fall I should make a choice to rise up again. That was how I think even though I was just in sixth grade that time. Later it was found out that the father of the girl, who was the champion, paid my coach so that I won’t win at all. Imagine, all along my opponent knew that I was really something. They knew that I can really win the race that is why they were all threatened by my victory. I was a threat to everyone who was in the race that eventually made the father of the other girl bribe my coach to destroy my vision, my goals. But no matter how they put me down, the truth came out and it was on my side. Success, winning and victory are not about running a race after all. It is more of having a clear conscience that you made it that far because you never cheated, hurt anyone and stepped on other’s shoes for you own gain. I thank my teacher for the words of wisdom she has shared to me during the lowest point in my life. Teachers really do make a difference in this world. They are not just there to teach you academically but they are always there to support you and mould your being for you to become a better individual that every society dreams of having especially in this cruel world right now.

Role of mTOR in Pain

Role of mTOR in Pain Juliette Lanskey Introduction Pain perception protects the human body from damage, yet when the underlying mechanisms are disrupted pain can become a debilitating condition. There are almost 10 million Britains that suffer from pain on a daily basis affecting not only their personal wellbeing and quality of life but also the economy. Back pain is an example of chronic pain and back pain alone costs the NHS around  £5billion per annum and it was reported that 4.9 million days are lost per year to british businesses (http://www.britishpainsociety.org/media_faq.htm). Unfortunately, understanding the mechanisms that go awry leading to pain that is more harmful than beneficial is proving challenging. As a result, there is a deficit in treatments available to control chronic pain despite much research. There is therefore an urgent requirement to understand the mechanisms underlying pain perception in order for the development of therapeutics to reduce the sufferings of humans and the economy. This dissertation shall focus on a potential target, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which recent research has highlighted as playing a significant role in chronic pain. Pain Pathways The processing of painful stimuli by the nervous system is termed nociception. Pain is nociception with additional psychological and emotional inputs. Noxious stimuli cause an action potential to run through a specialised set of neurons termed by Sherrington in 1906 as nociceptors; the pain neurons. Nociceptors have free nerve endings to detect noxious stimuli and can be classified into two main groups taking messages from the periphery to the central nervous system, called Aà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ and C fibres. Aà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ fibres are medium-diameter, mylinated neurons and this myelination and wider diameter allows rapid signal conduction. It is the Aà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ fibres that transmit the first, sharp, localised pain of an injury whilst C fibres which are small-diameter, unmyelinated neurons transmit slow, diffuse, secondary pain 2009CELLULARANDMOLECULAR. Hence Aà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ fibres are crucial in rapidly signalling an injury whilst the slow, burning pain from C fibres is important for protecti on during the healing period. These primary afferent nociceptors transfer messages from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal chord. The dorsal horn is particularly important for processing and modulating noxious information. The dorsal horn is composed of six rexed laminae with transition zones approximately dividing different cell types. Indeed, nociceptors terminate in particular laminae. The majority of Aà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ fibres terminate densely in lamina I, though some do also terminate in lamina V. C fibres mainly terminate in laminae I and II, although there are also a few C fibre terminations in lamina V. Thus the majority of neurons which terminate in the superficial dorsal horn specifically respond to noxious stimuli while neurons terminating deeper in the dorsal horn tend to respond to innocurous touch (large diameter, rapid conducting Aà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ fibres transmit such innocuous information CELLULARANDMECHANMECHS2009). It is within the dorsal horn that nociceptors synapse onto central projection neurons which transmit the noxious information up to the brain. The main central pathways run up to the brain via the thalamus or brainstem and terminate in areas such as the periaqueductal grey and the parabrachial nucleus REF. There are also descending pain pathways originating in the periaqueductal grey, rostral ventral medulla and coeruleus which pass signals to the dorsal horn modulating nociception. There are also modulating circuits in the dorsal horn composing of exitatory and inhibitory interneurons contacting further neurons in the spinal cord (Fields2006thesis). Nociceptors have a pseudo-unipolar morphology allowing bidirectional signalling. This means that nociceptors are able to transmit action potentials antidromically from the the central nervous system to the nociceptor terminals (Dubin, 2010). A result of central processing is increased sensitivity of the area at and around a site of tissue damage or inflammation (PUBHUNT). A chemical soup of cytokines and growth factors is released at the site of injury and causes an increase in the sensitivity of a subset of surrounding nociceptors. This means that these nociceptors have a reduced threshold for noxious stimuli (thus will now respond to less intense stimuli than before) and also an increased response to noxious stimuli. This sensitisation of neurons at the site of injury is called primary hyperalgesia. mTOR inhibitors do not affect primary hyperalgesia and thus it is unlikely mTOR is involved, however there is another phenomenon called secondary hyperalgesia which mTOR does seem to be involved in. Secondary hyperalgesia is when a set of neurons not directly at the site of injury but in the surrounding, undamaged area undergo an increase in sensitivity due to central processing (pubhunt). Recent studies have demonstrated t hat the mTOR plays a role in creating this sensitivity. Acute pain is the pain that follows immediately after an injury to protect the body from further damage and aid the process of healing but when pain exists for more than 3 months it is defined as chronic pain (SITETHESISMerskey and Bogduk, 1994; Russo and Brose, 1998). This chronic pain does not protect the body but rather hinders the quality of life. The pathology of chronic pain often consists of decreased pain thresholds and increased response to stimsuli; the nociceptors are more sensitive. Moreover, whilst nociceptors are generally silent, firing action potentials only when stimulated (dubin2010), in chronic pain, there is an increased tendency for spontaneous activity (JULIUSANDBASBAUMTHESIS). Altogether, chronic pain leads to allodynia (pain from a normally non-noxious stimulus), hyperalgesia (heightened sensitivity to noxious stimuli) and spontaneous pain. mtor The mammalian target of rapamycin is a regulator a number of cellular processes including synaptic plasticity, protein synthesis and cellular metabolism (XONCUETALTHESIS). It is a molecule belonging to the kinase family and forms two complexes with raptor; mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). It is when part of these complexes that it administrates its cellular functions though much more is known about mTORC1 and so it is predominantly the role of mTORC1 in pain perception that this dissertation shall focus on. Signalling cascade There is a signalling cascade involving mTOR, the downstream targets of which lead to cellular activities resulting in the organisation of the cytoskeleton, the regulation of metabolism and cell survival (wullschlegerTHESIS). The signalling cascade is initiated by a signal such as a neurotransmitter acting on transmembrane receptors which activate phosphoinosital 3 kinase-AKT pathway. This results in the phosphorylation and thereby the activation of mTOR. Phosphorylated mTOR in turn phosphorylates the 4E-binding protein and in this phosphorylated state the 4E-binding protein is unable to bind and thus inhibit a protein called eIF4E. So when mTOR is activated it has the downstream affect of enabling eIF4E to associate with eIF4G, this is an essential step for initiating translation (TJ PRICE GERANTON). The fact that mTOR plays such a significant role in the regulation of translation is a hint of its importance in pain plasticity. Previously, it was thought by some that translation could only occur in the cell soma. However, others noted both the half-life of axonal proteins and the time it takes for a protein to travel down the length of the axon and concluded that the axoplasmic transport is too slow for protein synthesis only to occur in the cell soma HUNT. Indeed, following the discovery of ribosomes and ‘Golgi outposts’ in dendritic spines it is now believed that local protein synthesis at the sites of dendritic synapses plays a significant role in plasticity (2009REVIEW). Research demonstrates that chronic pain arises as a result of plastic changes that occur during persistent acute pain. During any pain there are noxious signals to the central nervous system enabling the pain to be perceived, if these signals persist it has been shown that this causes and maintains plastic changes that result in chronic pain. Indeed, it has been shown through advanced structural imaging methods that there are large scale alterations in the brain structure of sufferers of chronic pain CHRONICPAINPLASTICITY. There is relatively little research into the possibilities of targeting this pain plasticity to help patients cope with chronic pain in comparison with genetic studies. It is consequentially an exciting new avenue of exploration and the role of mTOR in pain plasticity is of particular interest. EARLIER As mTOR plays such a crucial role in cellular function it is unsurprising that mTOR dysfunction is believe to be involved in a number of maladies. The role of mTOR in cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration is being explored and a number of mTOR inhibitors have already been tested for treating certain maladies. For example†¦..This has demonstrated that mTOR inhibitors are potential treatment regimes BUT THERE ARE SIDEEFFECTS MTOR THESIS MTOR SIGNALLING MTOR PLASTICITY see 2009reviewnociception and AMPKPG 6 is v good Dealing with pain MTOR AND RESEARCH thesis 2 Pain Pathways and Plasticity 3 The mammalian target of rapamycin 2007 Decreased Nociceptive Sensitization in Mice Lacking the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein: Role of mGluR1/5 and mTOR – mTOR’s role in nociceptive synaptic plasticity through translation regulation; ‘ the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin inhibited formalin- and DHPG-induced nociception’ †¦. mTOR is a major regulator of protein synthesis for it controls the initiation of translation (PUBLISHEDHUNT2009). It is thought that by controlling protein translation it maintains the sensitivity of nociceptors following local injury. Targetting mTOR could reduce the secondary hyperalgesia that occurs from pain and thus help patients cope with pain†¦ 4 The mTOR signalling cascade Unicellular organisms that are sensitive to nutrient availability in their environment control translation via a rapamycin-sensitive translation pathway. This process is controlled by a protein kinase, TOR, which is blocked by rapamycin. Interestingly, neurons appear to have co-opted this evolutionarily conserved mechanism to control activity-dependent local translation. Mammalian TOR, or mTOR, is activated by neurotransmitter receptor signaling cascades and phosphorylates downstream factors that control translation. Hence, mTOR is intricately involved in synaptic plasticity in the CNS, a mechanism that is linked to its role in controlling translation in dendrites (Jaworskiet al., 2006). The major mechanism of mTOR-regulated translation is control of the initiation of cap-dependent translation (depicted in Fig 1) (Gingras et al., 2004). This occurs because one of the major targets of mTOR phosphorylation is the elongation associated factor 4E-BP (Gingraset al., 1999). 4E-BP binds c c ap-binding factor eIF4E and, when it is hypo-phosphorylated, inhibits the formation of the eIF4E/eIF4G elongation complex preventing translation. When 4E-BP is hyper-phosphorylated, 4E-BP dissociates from eIF4E allowing eIF4G binding and the initiation of cap-dependent translation. Recently a small molecule inhibitor of eIF4G binding to eIF4E was discovered (4EGI-1) and this molecule inhibits cap-dependent translation (Moerke et al., 2007). Hence, mTOR is crucial for regulating activity-dependent translation in neurons via its regulation of elongation factors (Bankoet al., 2006; Tanget al., 2002; Tsokaset al., 2007) and the mTOR pathway is amenable to specific pharmacological manipulation. 6 Experiments suggesting inhibiting mTOR could help control pain 2007 Decreased Nociceptive Sensitization in Mice Lacking the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein: Role of mGluR1/5 and mTOR – mTOR’s role in nociceptive synaptic plasticity through translation regulation; ‘ the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin inhibited formalin- and DHPG-induced nociception’ NOT THAT RELEVANT – basically saying that because of mutation translation can’t happen properly†¦meaning mTOR has less control. However there is a subsection with rapamycin injections which does show decreased nociception with rapamycin 2011 – systemic inhibition of mTOR – mTOR regulation of nociceptive sensitivity; ‘ inhibiting the mTORC1 pathway systemically alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity in mouse models’ Good intro relating mTOR to chronic pain Local cutaneous intrathecal administration of rapamycin blocks activation of downstream targets of mTORC1 alleviating mechanical hypersensitivity – 21, 29 3 43 46 62 SHOULD PUT 1 OR 2 LOCAL EXPERIMENTS BEFORE THIS ONE If targeting mTORC1 signaling pathway has a potential thera- peutic application for controlling chronic pain, systemic rather than local administration (as has been used previously [21,29]) requires further investigation. Here we examined the effective- ness of temsirolimus (CCI-779), a clinically used rapamycin ester derivative, given systemically

If I Were George Bush Essay example -- essays research papers

If I Was George Bush   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If I was George Bush I would follow the exact same path he is following right now. His plans for our countries Education and Health Care plan live up to their promises. These plans also benefit the country greatly as a whole. Yet, if I was President Bush, I would make the positive effects of these plans to prove themselves more immediate than they have been. This would urge America to follow my, or Bush’s, plans to make America a better place.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Education Plan the Bush has produced is almost perfect. It contains six key points that I totally agree with. The first part of the plan says that American will provide state grants to recruit and train teachers. The second part of the plan being that America will be recruiting high quality Individuals to become teachers. The third part says that America will be expanding programs to train teachers in specific subject areas. The fourth part suggests that America will implement the Teachers Protection Act. The fifth part says that a new teacher’s tax deduction will be implemented. Lastly, the sixth part of the plan says that America will be providing expanded student loan forgiveness for teachers. All of these goals lead to one key plan. This plan is to put a quality teacher in every room. If this feat can be accomplished, I would follow the exact same plan Bush is following right now. Bush basically has this plan covere...

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Imagine your life without a proper education. Without the proper education you could properly provide for yourself or your family. All students are born with a different nature, however; the reason for their education remains the same. The purpose of education is to provide a foundation for students. Many methods of teaching and methods of discipline are used in the classroom. There are also many areas of curriculum that are important in the elementary level. Education provides the necessary grounds to succeed in our country today. Students’ intelligence levels vary drastically from student to student. However, their dispositions are identical at birth. All children are born with the ability to be a wonderful and loving person. Our society has the power to change the caring dispositions of our children. This is why many of our children live difficult lives; the world has made them mean or evil. This is described as having a relative nature, meaning that a child is constructed and dependent upon person, place, or time. Not all children have the ability to become one of our countries doctors or lawyers, but all of them are born with capability of living a joyful and happy life. The overall purpose of education is to prepare students for challenges that life brings to them. Challenges such as applying for a job, providing for a family, and managing a business. Education is important because it provides a solid background for the child to begin a healthy and happy life. As a teacher I hope to give my students the confidence to continue with their education. I also hope to provide a good educational foundation so that my students are well prepared as they do continue their education. I hope that my students acquire self – confidence. I hope that my students have the drive and the compassion to further their education. I also hope that my children understand that education is necessary in order to live a successful life. There are many ethics that a teacher must follow inside and outside of the classroom.

Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life Essay

â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence†- Aristotle. Do you agree with Aristotle’s statement? Discuss why/ why not. While happiness in a scientific sense can be explained as the chemicals released throughout our bodies, it still doesn’t tell us fully why these are chemicals are sent and what it means in the overall human experience in scientific terms. From an artistic perspective happiness is the largest component in providing self-worth to one’s self and with its absence we see people delve into the depths of depression losing the motivation and ability to perform tasks and live life to its fullest, and in some extreme cases losing the will to live. On the opposite side of depression there is euphoria and this is where people experience moments in their life that they remember and cherish during times of reflection, it is at these moments when we find the most purpose in our lives especially when we enjoy what we are enjoying so therefore Aristotle’s statement can easily be viewed as correct as this essay will argue for. What does it mean to be happy? It seems that this is another one of those questions that can be argued in multiple ways but for this essay I will take Aristotle’s definition. Happiness, from Aristotle’s definition of a human as a being who recognises his potential to give form to himself (Colebrook 2006, p. 2). A person with depression and the utter lack of happiness views themself as worthless and lose their passion of living, losing much their ability and potential. This fact of people committing suicide when they are overcome with sadness demonstrates that without happiness human beings lose their meaning and passion in life. Without this passion and drive depressed people tend to isolate themselves and do not ‘live’ their lives to its fullest extent. It seems therefore that the purpose of our lives is to find those things that do make us happy, and then doing them. If there’s a certain person in our lives that makes us happy, we need to find a way to spend more time with them. Because if you’re not happy, you need to look at your life and think about why you aren’t feeling that amazing thing you want to be feeling. When a person reflects back on their life in their elder years the memoires they tend to remember are based around the feelings of joy and happiness such as the birth of their children or their first kiss, spending times with friends etc. These  memories are fundamentally the building blocks of their personalities and without these moments of happiness a person would more than likely feel unfulfilled in their lives in reflection. We see this time and again when renowned people who have achieved great accomplishments turn to drugs and seep into mental illness when they are not happy with the direc tion of their life. This then demonstrates that regardless of what you accomplish if you are not enjoying what you are doing you may lose meaning in your life and turn to unhealthy methods so that you can cope with your current life style. Thirdly when people have the available time and resources it is more than likely that they will spend this leisure time doing activities that make them feel happy and give them self-satisfaction. ‘Happiness can also be a by-product of working’ (Andersen, W, 2008) occupation that the person enjoys. It therefore seems that humans will go through burdens so that they may enjoy the activity of their choice. An example of this would be working all week in a occupation you do not enjoy so that you may go on a camping trip with your family, supporting the coming saying that people ‘live for the weekend’ as that is during the time when they are doing activities they enjoy, although these kinds of one off activities do not demonstrate lifelong happiness it must be something ongoing, a more long term activity that can be used as an example could be coaching a junior sport team. This therefore demonstrates if recreational activities are what people are working towards and it is what makes them happy it must then tie in with what they consider meaningful in life and therefore be its purpose. If you can find something that makes you happy, truly happy, then life will be a lot better for you. It can’t be something superficial, or something that only lasts for a day or two. It’s something that affects your entire life. It lasts. It burns inside of you and it doesn’t go out. That is happiness. It is therefore clear that Aristotle’s statement that happiness is the meaning and purpose of life can be argued as correct on multiple basis’s such as those people lacking happiness losing all meaning and purpose as explained in the second paragraph. In addition when people look back on their lives in reflection it is moments of happiness that people are most likely to remember and cherish and not those of turmoil and heartache. Furthermore people will pursue activities they find enjoyment and happiness in when given the opportunity demonstrating that they live for those brief  moments of time. In conclusion it is clear that Aristotle’s stat ement may well be correct but it is entirely dependent on the individual to find what makes them happy. References: Colebrook, C 2006, Narrative Happiness and the meaning of life Andersen, W, 2008, Journal of Christian education, vol 51, No. 2, p1/p17

My Thoughts About “Do You Speak American?”

After watching this video, I asked myself â€Å"Do I speak American? † Absolutely, the answer was no. In the past, I thought American English was only a language which pronounced â€Å"r† heavily. Surprisingly, according to the map of dialect, America can be divided by seven parts. They are Eastern New English, NYC,Philadelphia, The North, The Midland, The South and The West. And different regions of America have different dialects. In terms of the dialect of American English, I have a re-understanding of this language. I find it is interesting, even surprising, and I am more curious about that.The dialects of American English is really interesting. Honestly, when I hear a conversation or a speech, I can hardly recognize the accents without special note, although sometimes I can recognize the obvious accents according to the meaning of the sentence. For example, most young California say [? ] to replace [? ], say â€Å"like† as â€Å"lake†. According to my personal experience, when I traveled to Miami, Florida, I heard that most people in there said â€Å"lift† as â€Å"left†. Moreover, Net English used among young people is another part of interest.For example, â€Å"das kool† equals â€Å"that is cool†, â€Å"lol† means â€Å"laugh out loud†, â€Å"How ya doin hun† is â€Å"how are you doing honey? †, â€Å"g2g† means â€Å"got to go†, etc. Maybe they think typing English in this way is more convenient and fashionable, however, I do not think so. Furthermore, experts recommend that TV series is a good way to recognize and learn dialects since the actors of a program are come from different regions. At last, teenagers prefer to use some new words of phrases to express an common meaning, such as â€Å"bling bling† refers to expensive jewelry.This is popular and sometimes I also use that to express myself. Actually, I am surprised about the dialects of Americ an English in the following aspects. Firstly, in North America, people will laugh at lobsterman’s dialect and make fun with the way they speak. As far as I am concerned, we should respect different languages and cultures. Even though we cannot understand the way of communication, every dialect must has its own value to exist. Moreover, although people dislike some dialects, they can always imitate those dialects they hate. It is unbelievable.In addition, I watched these three DVDs without subtitle. So when I watched the CD2 which introduced the dialects in the mid-land, I found it was difficult for me to understand what people said. However, it is easier to understand what the north and west people said. I think it means that the people of mid-land and south have strong accents. Frankly, there are some points that I do not know before I watching this video. First of all, Philadelphia shakes the American speech more than any other city. Secondly, the Black and the White cannot communicate with each other by using English at the beginning.Thirdly, some people who come from the mid-land consider New Yorker speak bad English, since New Yorker say â€Å"water† as â€Å"[w? :d? ]†. To be honest, as for me, I like the dialect of New York. Fourthly, some pronounciation of dialect are totally different from the original pronounciation. For example, in Ohio and Michigan, â€Å"yins† means â€Å"you†, and in north, â€Å"ayuh† is equal to â€Å"yes†, etc. Finally, looking at magazines to find new words is a job, its purpose is to update the dictionary. To sum up, I don’t think I am speaking American even though I am in New York now.The dialects in United States are diverse. In my opinion, dialect is a component of cultural activities. And some dialects are related to history, some are related to the life style of different region. There are a variety of expressions for dialects. Those include the differences of pron ounciation, the new words for common meaning, net English, etc. Most important, no matter what kind of language we say, we should respect all of them and admit the existence value of them. At last, I think watching different American TV series is a good way for me to improve my American English.

Law in the Modern Times

Dietrich v The Queen Argued that there Is Immunity from conviction unless such a person In provided with counsel at the public expense. Mason C. J. And Brenan J. â€Å"The applicant is entitled to succeed because his trial miscarried by virtue of the judge's failure to stay or adjourn the trial until arrangements were made for counsel to appear the public expenseÃ'›. He was deprived of his right to a fair trial. † â€Å"Indeed, where there is no legal representation, and save in the exceptional case of the skilled litigant, the adversary system, whether or not It remains in theory, in racist breaks down † – Lord Devil.There Is an argued analogy with the united States Constitution, however as It Is based on their Constitution It has no parallel In Australian law. Could create difficulties – egg. Accused could demand counsel of a particular degree, skill or experience. Lack of representation may mean that an accused is unable to receive, or not receive a f ar trial. Brenna J. Whilst dissenting, Brenna acknowledges: â€Å"The entitlement of a person charged with a serious offence to be represented by counsel at public expense would be an important safeguard of fairness in the administration of criminal justice.Argues that our common law is different to other common law countries that have a Bill of Rights. â€Å"In the present case, there is no constitutional or statutory provision which supports the applicant's case. † â€Å"Every right or title must be enforced or administered in some form. † Deane J. â€Å"The entitlement of an accused person to a fair trial according to law Is recognized as the central thesis of the administration of criminal justice. † and right' which subjects innocent men t increased dangers of conviction merely cause of their poverty. However, viewed in the context of the overall trial, impropriety or unfairness could not have infected the verdict in the sense that it could not have advers ely influenced the final verdict which the accused was convicted. † Dawson J. The Trial Judge addressing Jury â€Å"The fact is he unrepresented, and you should make whatever allowances you believe appropriate for that fact. † â€Å"Entitlement to appear by counsel is not the same thing as entitlement to have counsel at the public expense. † â€Å"If he is convicted, an appeal cannot succeed merely because he was at a equidistant in being unrepresented. â€Å"There cannot be a miscarriage of Justice merely because an accused in unrepresented when he has no entitlement to representation. † Dietrich relied on Article 14(3)(d) of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: â€Å"To have legal assistance assigned to him, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it. † However Dawson J. Believes that the common law can hold a fair trial with an unrepresented accused. Robinson v The Queen Man ac cused and convicted of murder in JamaicaMinority Judges dissented – found that accused had no defense counsel and a denial of such a right was sufficient to impair the trial. The UN Human Rights Committee responded to the trial of Robinson by stating that â€Å"the absence of counsel constituted an unfair trial. † In the common law country of Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms holds that in serious offences, counsel is essential for a fair trial. Deane J. â€Å"Central of our criminal law†¦ That no person shall be convicted of crime otherwise than after a fair trial according to law. † Gaudier J.A trial is not necessarily unfair because it is less than perfect, but it is unfair if it involves a risk of the accused being improperly convicted. † â€Å"What makes a trial without representation unfair is the possibility that representation might affect the outcome of the case. † Miscarriage of Justice. Mason C. J. â€Å"By reason of the la ck of representation of the accused, the resulting trial is not a fair one, any conviction of the accused must be quashed by an appellate court for the reason that there has been a miscarriage of Justice in that the accused as not been convicted without a fair trial.Where an accused has no representation, proceedings should be adjourned to enable accused to find counsel. Paragraph issue? If the trial proceeds without a defense counsel, and the accused is convicted, the conviction will almost certainly be quashed. The notion that a trial Judge may be able to give helping hand to accused is illusory and bound to cause problems in course of trial. No Judges prepared to fashion a constitutional right to state-funded counsel. Murphy J. Is McGinnis: â€Å"Putting aside an accused to trial in a serious case is barbarous.

Child Hood Essay

Today, childhood is seen as a universal rite of passage. Much of our literature consists of coming of age stories that focus on the journey from innocence to experience. Childhood marks the beginning of our personal narrative. We all have our stories of youth. Some percolate in the haze of memory; others are told and retold over the years. These stories—sad, humorous, painful—shape us. They make us who we are.Inspired by the growing popularity of collecting and recording our stories, students will interview an older family member about a single significant childhood memory, imagine specific details of the story, and then use one or a variety of media text types to present the story to the class. In doing so, students discover intergenerational links through the common universal experience of childhood. Students begin by interviewing a parent (or other older relative) about a childhood memory, collecting enough details to help them recreate the story vividly for an audie nce.In small groups, students share information and project ideas, with a view to re-telling the story through one or a combination of the following: print text (e. g. write a story from the parent’s point of view), visual text (e. g. memory scrapbook), digital text (e. g. Web page, graphic reproduction), audiovisual text (e. g. PowerPoint presentation with music), or oral presentation (e. g. monologue in the voice of the parent). Students should be encouraged to use whatever high- or low-tech tools they are comfortable with.This activity affords students the opportunity to discover and learn about the codes and conventions of their chosen media text type in order to successfully apply them to their own production. By re-creating an older family member’s story for an audience, students participate in the writing of the family history, making it less ephemeral and embedding it in time. Connecting with their parent or grandparent through a particular memory also allows s tudents to view childhood as a universal rite of passage, one that connects successive generations of their family to the family tree of humanity.A follow-up ELA activity could invite students to use their imagination to develop a story of their own, inspired by events from their own childhood: How would they tell the story to their grandchildren? Students could create a class anthology of their stories or their parents’. In Social Sciences, students could interview a parent or older relative about the social/cultural/historical time in which he or she lived as a child and create a poster depicting it